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Importance of Gandhian thoughts about Cleanliness

  
Importance of  about Cleanliness

                                                                   Dr. Shubhangi Dinesh Rathi

                                                                                          Associate Professor & H.O.D. Poliical Science,

                                                                                  Smt. P.K. Kotecha Mahila Mahavidhalaya,

                                                                Bhusawal.(Maharashtra- India)

                                                                                              Chairman, Board of Studies of Political Science &  Member of Women Study Center,

                                                                            North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon

 Everyone must be his own scavenger- M K Gandhi

Introduction:

  On 2^nd Oct.2014, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched nationwide cleanliness campaign on the occasion Mahatma Gandhi birth anniversary. The concept of Swachh Bharat is to pave access for every person to sanitation facilities including toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness and safe and adequate drinking water supply. We have to achieve this by 2019 as a befitting tribute to Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th Birth Anniversary. He said that Swachh Bharat mission is beyond politics. It is inspired by patriotism and not politics. He also pledged to people saying 'na main gandagi karoonga,na main gandagi karne doonga' (I would not litter and won't allow anyone to do so). He further flagged off a walkathon as part of the Swachh Bharat Campaign. Swachh Bharat Campaign is not just a logo. It is our responsibility. In this sense, so many aware people want to Gandhian thought about cleanliness. What is need of it? Which way Gandhiji influence and communicate this idea for developing nation? For answering these questions it’s necessary to know the Mahatma Gandhi’s view about cleanliness for healthy & wealthy nation.

 Importance of Cleanliness:

       Indian has gained freedom under leadership of Gandhiji, but his dream of clean India is still unfulfilled. Mahatma Gandhi Said "Sanitation is more important than independence". He made cleanliness and sanitation an integral Part of the Gandhian way of living. His dream was total sanitation for all. Cleanliness is one of the most important practices for a clean and healthy environment. It may be related to public hygiene or personal hygiene. It is essential for everyone to learn about cleanliness, hygiene, sanitation and the various diseases that are caused due to poor maintenance of hygienic conditions.  The habits which are learnt or followed at a young age get embedded into one's personality. One should start to follow certain habits like washing hands before meals, regular brushing of teeth, and bathing from the young age. But we are not aware about cleanliness of public places. Mahatma Gandhi said, “I will not let anyone walk through my mind with their dirty feet.” 

Gandhiji offered detailed comments on cleanliness and good habits and indicated its close relationship with good health:  " No one should spit or clean his nose on the streets. In some cases the sputum is so harmful that the germs are carried from it and they infect others with tuberculosis. In some places spitting on the road is a criminal offence. Those who spit after chewing betel leaves and tobacco have no consideration for the feelings of others. Spittle, mucus from the nose, etc, should also be covered with earth. ( Navajivan dated 2-11-1919)

Influence of family & West:

         The Gandhi family was well known in Rajkot. His father and grandfather served long as dewans in Rajkot and other neighboring states. the Prime Minister's barrister so needed guts to go round the home town and make a house to house inspection of the drains. A Gandhi seldom filed to show moral courage in the hour of need.

 In his town mehtar called Uka did the scavenging. If Gandhi ever touched Uka,  asked him to take a bath. Gandhi, otherwise a docile, obedient son, did not like it. The 12 years old son would argue with his mother; "Uka serves us by cleaning dirt and filth, how can his touch pollute me? I shall not disobey you, but the ramayana says that Rama embraced Guhaka a chandal. The Ramayana cannot mislead us." Putlibai could find no answer for this argument.
He criticized many western customs but repeatedly admitted that he learnt sanitation from the west. He wanted to introduce that type of cleanliness in India.

Pointing out our unhygienic habits Gandhiji strongly emphasized observing cleanliness in lavatories, and wrote "I shall have to defend myself on one point, namely, sanitary conveniences. I learnt 35 years ago that a lavatory must be as clean as a drawing-room. I learnt this in the West. I believe that many rules about cleanliness in lavatories are observed more scrupulously in the West than in the East. There are some defects in their rules in this matter, which can be easily remedied. The cause of many of our diseases is the condition of our lavatories and our bad habit of disposing of excreta anywhere and everywhere. I, therefore, believe in the absolute necessity of a clean place for answering the call of nature and clean articles for use at the time, have accustomed myself to them and wish that all others should do the same. The habit has become so firm in me that even if I wished to change it I would not be able to do so. Nor do I wish to change it" ( Navajivan on 24-5-1925)

Scavenger started from South Africa:

Gandhi learnt scavenging in South Africa. His friends there lovingly called him the great scavenger Mahatma Gandhi said, “Everyone must be his own scavenger.”( The mind of Mahatma Gandhi  200)

After three year's stay South Africa, he came to India to take his wife and sons to there. At that time plague had broken out in the Bombay Presidency. There was a chance of its spreading to Rajkot. Gandhi immediately offered his service for improving the sanitation of Rajkot. He inspected every home and stressed the need of keeping the latrines clean. The dark, filthy, stinking pits infested with vermin horrified him. In some houses belonging to the upper class, gutters were used as a privy and stench was unbearable. The residents were apathetic. Poor untouchables lived in cleaner homes and responded to Gandhi's pleadings. Gandhi suggested the use of two separate buckets for urine and night-soil and that improved the sanitation.

Training of Cleanliness for Equality:

Gandhiji’s second trip to India from South Africa, he attended the Congress session in Calcutta. He came to plead because of the ill-treated Indians in South Africa the sanitary condition of the Congress camp was horrible. Some delegates used the verandah in front of their room as latrines, others did not object to it. Gandhi reacted immediately. When he spoke to the volunteers, they said; “This is not our job, this is a sweeper's job." Gandhi asked the broom and cleaned the filth. He was then dressed in western style. the volunteers were astonished but none came forward to assist him. Years later, when Gandhi became the guiding star of the Indian National Congress, volunteers formed a bhangi squad in the Congress camps. Once the brahmins only worked as bhangis. Two thousand teachers and students were specially trained for doing scavenging at the Haripura Congress. Gandhi could not think of having a set of people labeled as untouchables for cleaning filth and dirt. He wanted to abolish untouchability from India.

Whenever Gandhi got an opportunity of doing a little bit of cleaning work, he felt happy. To him the test of a people's knowledge of cleanliness was the condition of their latrines. he described himself as a bhangi and said he would be content if he could die as a sweeper. He even asked orthodox Hindus to make him suffer social boycott along with the untouchables.
Use of Media to communicates Cleanliness Ideas:

In South Africa the whites despised the Indians for their slovenly habits. Gandhi inspected their quarters and asked them to keep their homes and surroundings clean. He spoke about it in public meetings and wrote in newspapers. Gandhi's house in Durban was built in western fashion. The bathroom had no outlet for water. Commodes and chamber-pot used by his clerks residing with him. He compelled his wife Kasturba to do the same. He also taught his young sons this work. Kasturba once made a wry face while carrying the chamber-pot used by allow caste clerk. Gandhi rebuked her and told her to leave the house if she wanted to observe caste bias. He was once socially boycotted by his own sympathizers for admitting an untouchable couple in the Sabarmati Ashram.
Mass Contact Programme:        

·        Gandhi’s group launched a mass contact programme with the villagers. “At the end of the morning’s march,” writes Tendulkar, “a batch of men and women from his party visited the Harijan quarters of the village near the camp, taking with them brooms and spades.” They talked about the “necessity of sanitation, about keeping their yards clean, of burying rubbish, instead of leaving it to blow here and there. When engaged in the talks, Gandhi’s party began cleaning up the basti themselves. They highlighted the need to prevent excrement lying in the open, as it attracted flies and spread disease.

·        Diseases could be traced to errors, such as overeating or eating wrong foods, and therefore calls for self-restraint on the part of the ‘sufferer’, he said. He did not fail to emphasise the need to educate villagers on hygiene and sanitation. The true function of the Ashram, he said, was to show people how they could avoid disease.

·        There is something to be learnt in this regard from Mahatma Gandhi. On February 4, 1916, almost a century ago, he spoke at the inauguration of the Banaras Hindu University, at the invitation of Madan Mohan Malaviya. At one point, Gandhi said he wanted to 'think audibly' and proceeded to recall his visit to the Vishwanath temple during that visit. Apparently disappointed at the dirty state of this house of God, Gandhi said, "Is not this great temple a reflection of our own character?" The houses around had been built without regard to any norms, the lanes were tortuous and narrow and of course, dirty. "I speak feelingly, as a Hindu," he added to emphasise his pain, asking whether the temples would be clean once the British had left the country, bag and baggage. (The speech has been reproduced in The Penguin Book of Modern Indian Speeches, 1877 to the Present, edited by Rakesh Batabyal).

·        During his khadi tour, the sweepers once were not permitted to attend a public meeting where Gandhi was to speak. When Gandhi came to know of it, he told the organisers: " You may keep back your purse and your addresses. I am going to have a meeting with the untouchables only. Let all others who want , come there."

·        Two years before his death, Gandhi stayed some days in the sweepers' colony in Bombay and Delhi. He wished to share the same lodging and partake of their food but then he was too old for the experiment. Moreover some special privileges were forced on the Mahatma.
Gandhi once went to Simla to have an important meeting with the Viceroy. He sent one leading co-worker to see the bhangi quarters there. When he was told that they have reduced the bhangis to the level of beasts. They earn a few coppers but only at the expense of their human dignity. Look at a bhangi as he eats his surrounded by filth. It is enough to break one's heart."

       The answer is there for all to see. Neither temples nor other public spaces are free from filth. Neither leaders nor citizens are particularly engaged with the problem - of cleaning up our cities and towns with genuine measures. Reducing needless consumption, reducing waste, confining dirt to its designated place, cleaning up our rivers and lakes and treating our environment with greater respect.

·        In D.G. Tendulkar’s “Mahatma”, Volume Three, there is a reference to Gandhi leaving Patna in 1934, as part of his Harijan tour, for Orissa. At Champapurhat, he found that there was a dispensary on the grounds of the Gandhi Seva Ashram, and used that occasion to give a lecture on the need to rely not on medicines for a cure, but to prevent disease.

Need of Cleanliness Everywhere:

·        After twenty years stay in that alien land, Gandhi at 46 finally returned to India with his party. During his visit to Kumbh Mela at Hardwar that year, he with his Phoenix boys served as bhangis in the mela.

·        The same year Gandhi visited the Servants of India Society's quarters at Poona. The members of the small colony one morning saw him cleaning the latrines. They did not like it. But Gandhi believed that work of this kind qualified one for Swaraj.

·        More than once he toured all over India. Whenever he went, he found insanitation in some form or other. The filth and stench of public urinal and latrines in railway stations and in dharmashalas were awful.

·        The roads used by the poor villagers and their bullocks were always ill-kept. He saw people taking a dip in a sacred pond without caring to know how dirty that bathing place or the water was. They themselves dirtied the river-banks. He was hurt to see the marbel floor of Kashi Viswanath Temple set with stary silver coins that collected dirt and wondered why most entrances to abodes of God were through narrow slippery lanes.

·        . Gandhi deplored the passengers' habit of dirtying the railway compartments and said that though few could afford to sue shoes, it was unthinkable to walk barefoot in India. How even in a city like Bombay, people walked about the streets under the fear of being spat upon by the occupants of houses around.

·          In reply to municipal addressed, Gandhi often said; “I congratulate you on your spacious roads, your splendid lighting and your beautiful parks. But a municipality does not deserve to exist which does not possess model closets and where streets and lanes are not kept clean all the hours of the day and night . The greatest problem many municipalities have to tackle is insanitation. Have you ever thought of the conditions in which the sweepers live?"

·        Gandhiji emphasized that servants' quarters should be as clean as ministers' bungalows:

           "There is no gainsaying that we have not learnt the art of external sanitation to the degree that the English have. What is so distressing is that the living quarters of the menials and sweepers employed in the Viceroy's House are extremely dirty. This is a state of affairs the ministers of our new Government will not tolerate. Although they will occupy the same well-kept bungalows, they will see to it that the lodgings of their servants are kept as clean as their own. They will also have to pay attention to the cleanliness of the wives and children of the staff Jawaharlal and Sardar have no objection to cleaning their own lavatories. How can they have any in having the living quarters of their attendants cleaned? A one-time Harijan servant of Jawaharlal is now a member of the V.P. Assembly. I shall be satisfied only when the lodgings of the ministers' staff are as neat and tidy as their own." (Speech at a prayer meeting on 3-9-1946 in New Delhi)

Responsibility of People about Cleanliness to protect Environment:

·        Gandhiji said to people: “So long as you do not take the broom and the bucket in your hands, you cannot make your towns and cities clean."

·        When he inspected a model school, he told the teachers: “You will make your institution ideal, if besides giving the students literary education, you have made finished cooks and sweepers of them."

·        To the students his advice was: " If you become your own scavengers, you will make your surroundings clean. It needs no les courage to become an expert scavenger than to win a Victoria Cross." 

·        The villagers near his ashram refused to cover excreta with earth. They said: " Surely this is bhangi's work. It is sinful to look at faces, more so to throw earth on them"  Gandhi personally supervised the scavenging work in villages. To set an example to them, he for some months, himself used to go to the villages with bucket and broom. Friends and guests went with him. They brought bucketfuls of dirt and stool and buried them in pits.

·        All scavenging work in his ashram was done by the inmates. Gandhi guided them. People of different races, religions and colors lived there.

·        No dirt could be found anywhere on the ashram ground. All rubbish was buried in pits Peelings of vegetables and leaving s of food were dumped in a separate manure pit. The night soil too was buried and later used as good rich manure. Waste water was used for gardening. The farm was free from flies and stink though there was no pucka drainage system.

·        Gandhi and his co-workers managed sweeper's work by turn. He introduced bucket-latrines and bicameral trench latrines. To all visitors Gandhi showed this new innovation with pride. Rich and poor, leaders and workers, Indians and foreigners all had to use these latrines. This experiment slowly removed aversion for scavenging from the minds of orthodox co-workers and women inmates of the ashram.

·        The sight of a bhangi carrying the night-soil basket on his head made him sick. He explained how with the use of proper instruments, cleaning could be done neatly. Scavenging was a fine art and he did it without becoming filthy himself.

·        He wrote, "Village tanks are promiscuously used for bathing, washing clothes and drinking and cooking purposes. Many village tanks are also used by cattle. Buffaloes are often to be seen wallowing in them. The wonder is that, inspite of this sinful misuse of village tanks, villages have not been destroyed by epidemics. It is the universal medical evidence that this neglect to ensure purity of the water supply of villages is responsible for many of the diseases suffered by the villagers." (Hanjan- 8-2-1935)

Conclusion:

Ø  Lastly we can conclude that cleanliness is important in our life as well as in nation. On the question of clean-ups, it is well known that the Mahatma Gandhi personally took the effort to achieve the change that he wanted to see.

Ø  It is of course too much to expect that our leaders of the present day will go around the cities with their rising number of slums, and initiate a genuine clean-up.

Ø   Teachers & students role are very important to communicate the ideas of cleanliness.

Ø  Now a days role of social media is important to aware the people for cleanliness for healthy & wealthy life & develop nationality among them.

Ø  It is even more remote that they will pull themselves away from their market-focused pursuits and ineffectual, exclusive pursuit of GDP growth, to focus on the task of nation-building.

Ø  Cleanliness is not only the responsibility of the 'safaai kaamgar' or local government. It is the responsibility of all Indians. 

Ø  Need of GO’s, NGOs and local community work for centers to make India completely clean. It’s a need of present scenario all peoples should actively participate to clean India for fulfill the dream of Mahatma Gandhi for protection of environment for our safety & healthy future.

References:

·         http://www.mkgandhi.org/bahurupi/chap06.htm

·         http://www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/gandhiphilosophy/philosophy_environment_sanitation.htm

·         http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-urban-prospects/article5192535.ece

·         http://www.niticentral.com/2014/02/27/modi-launches-mahatma-gandhi-swachchata-abhiyan-194080.html

Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Women's Political Participation

Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Women's Political Participation

                                                       Dr. Shubhangi Rathi

Associate Professor & H.O.D. Poliical Science,

Smt. P.K. Kotecha Mahila Mahavidhalaya,

Bhusawal.(Maharashtra- India)

Chairman, Board of Studies of Political Science,

North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.

"I would boycott that legislature which will not have a proper share of women members" Mahatma Gandhi

Introduction:

         Mahatma Gandhi has been played an important role to participate women in political activities in Indian. Gandhi becomes uncompromising in the matter of women’s rights. According to him woman is companion of man, gifted with equal right of freedom and liberty with him. Woman is the better half of humanity, not the weaker sex. Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi is first man to participate women in politics. The Constitution of India guarantees equal rights to men and women as voters and citizens. After all Present situation of Indian democracy women Parliamentarians are poor. It shows that Gandhi's ideas about women and their role in political life was a departure from those of the 20^th century reformers. In the 21^st century, it is clear that quotas for women in politics have not essentially ensured higher equality. For the success of democracy, women active participation is essential. Without women support India can’t become powerful nation in the world. So in this paper focus on present political participation of women and thought of Mahatma Gandhi in motivation a large number of women into the mainstream of political participation. As per the Modernization theory, both man and women are the integral parts of the social, economic and political set up of a state. Keeping this theoretical background in mind, this paper seeks to focus on the share of women in the electoral process of India.

Equal Rights in Indian Democracy:

                India became independent in the year 1947. In all the elections held since independence, women had the voting rights. Women play a dual role in politics – as voters and political representatives. On the voting front, though adult franchise was granted in 1937, it was the progressive spirit that pervaded the making of the constitution that made it a reality. The Constitution of India guarantees equal rights to men and women as voters and citizens. Generally, in India, registration and participation of women as contestants is less than that of men.

            Democracy implies equality for all human persons, men and women. As against this basic notion of democracy what is normally seen is that women are excluded from different walks of life, more visibly in Politics.

Women’s participation in Politics

         According to data maintained by Inter-Parliamentary Union, which maintains a record of women Parliamentarians, the world has only 20% women as political representatives.  10 years ago, the figure was 15.1%. (Sources: Inter Parliamentary Union, UNDP, Centre for Women and Democracy)

       Finland is statistically an ideal example among the top countries. There is 42% representation of women in the legislature, there is no reservation and the Gender Inequality Index places Finland at a favorably high rank.

             When we analyzed the data on women MLAs across India, we found that Bihar had the highest percentage of women MLAs, and, ironically, the lowest rate of female literacy. And the 2013 Karnataka assembly polls saw only 5 women elected to the Vidhan Sabha out of a total of 224 members. Several state elections and Parliamentary elections in 2014 are coming up. How will women electoral contenders do this time round? Their numbers have been rising steadily over the years.

Women’s Representation in Legislature:

          India’s ranking in the above parameters does not present a very good picture. The scores for women Parliamentarians as well as gender inequality are poor. China is one country which closely compares to India for socio-economic and demographic analyses. There is electoral quota for women in China. It is ranked 54 with 23% women in the national assembly. The GII rank of China is 35.

        Mahatma Gandhi said that,” Man and woman will attain equality only when the birth of a girl is celebrated with as much joy as in the case of boy." (Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 87. p.229). 

Mahatma Gandhi’s view about Women:

      Mahatma Gandhi wrote in Young India in 1921 that the female sex is the nobler of the two, as it is the embodiment of sacrifice, silent suffering, humility, faith and knowledge. “Of all the evils for which man has made himself responsible, none to me is so degrading, so shocking, or so brutal as his abuse of the better half of humanity, the female sex, not the weaker sex,” (CW. XXI: p. 105). He said that woman has the right to participate in the very minutest detail in the activities of man and has an equal right of freedom and liberty with him. “She is entitled to a supreme place in her own sphere of activity as man is in his,” (In his speech at Bhagini Samaj, Bombay, in February 1918) he said. He realized that the backwardness of woman was a stumbling block in the path of progress.

Gandhi’s View about Women political participation:

       Gandhiji attended the Second Round Tablet as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. All other delegates from India were nominees of the Viceroy, Lord Irwin.

               In fighting for women rights, however, Gandhiji wanted the women of   India,   not to imitate the West, but to apply "methods suited to the Indian genius and Indian environment.

·         Need of Women Participation:

        At the RTC's federal Structure Committee meeting on September 17, 1931, Gandhiji clarify that, though the Congress was not in favour of any scheme of nominating members to legislative bodies to give adequate representation to minorities, the national organization was duty-bound to sponsor candidates giving fair representation to minorities including special cases like women. If they were left out, he would "have a clause in the Constitution which would enable the elected Legislature to elect those who should have been elected, but have not been elected or unjustly left out by the electorate."

      Sarojini Naidu was a nominated delegate, Gandhiji, heaving a humorous sigh of relief, remarked: "Thank God! The women there did not put forward a claim either for separate electorate or for reservation of specific number of seats in Legislatures!" (Gandhiji’s address to women at Santiniketan in 1940)

·         Women Participation on Spirit & Merit basis:

             Gandhiji wrote,  I am  not enamoured of equality or any other proportion in such matters. Merit should be the only test.  Seeing, however, that it has become the custom to decry women, the contrary custom should be to prefer women, merit being more or less equal, to men even if the preference should result in men being entirely displaced by women. It would be a dangerous thing to insist on membership in legislature on the ground of sex. Women, and for that matter any group, should disclaim patronage. They should seek justice, never favours. Therefore, the proper thing is, for women, as indeed for men, to advance the spread of general education through their provincial languages as will fit then for numerous duties of citizenship... " ( Harijan, April 7, 1946),

·         Women Participation for Strengthening Panchyat:

   Gandhiji said: "In my opinion, it is degrading both for man and woman that women should be called upon or induced to forsake the hearth and shoulder the rifle for the protection of that hearth. It is a reversion to barbarity and the beginning of the end." At the constructive workers' conference in Madras on January 27, 1946, Gandhi called upon women to enter the legislatures with the idea of serving the people and not politicking on party-basis. But how many of these would be able to enter the legislatures in a spirit of service, and strengthen the panchayat base, he asked. Their aim must be to build from below so that the panchayat foundation would be strong and the structure good. If any mistake occurred while building from the bottom, it could rectified immediately and the harm done would not be much. (Addressing a few girls who called on him at New Delhi on April 7, 1947)

Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Women’s Political Participation:

           During the freedom struggle in the 1930s, Gandhiji exhorted women to take part in Satyagraha movement on par with men. That 17,000 of around 30,000 persons who courted arrest during the Salt Satyagraha were women volunteers in a conspicuous example of their equal role under the leadership of the Mahatma.

             Gandhi gave to the women of India was of such a nature that they responded to it in a manner which they had never done before. “His civil disobedience campaigns brought about, in a dramatic manner, the entry of women in larger numbers into the public life of India. These became the starting points of women’s emancipation in our land.”(Bose : 74).

         It shows that the upliftment of women was given an important place in Gandhi’s constructive programme. Hearing his clarion call to action women came out in large numbers giving up their sheltered and secluded existence to play their role in the national movement. Aristocratic women discarded their fineries and adornments and cheerfully marched to prison wearing coarse handspun and handmade chappals. Kamala Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, Anasuya Sarabhai, Sushila Nayyar and Miraben are a few of the illustrious women associated with the Gandhian movement. The emancipation of the Indian woman has largely been attributed to the political awakening of the pace of national life in all spheres. The picketing of liquor, opium and foreign cloth shops in the thirties was almost exclusively done by women.

         It is clear that the role of Gandhi in motivation a large number of women into the mainstream of the freedom movement means political participation. Gandhi's ideas about women and their role in political life was a departure from those of the 20th century reformers. He saw women as a potential force in the struggle to build a new social & Political order.  He consciously attempted to articulate the connections between private and public life in order to bring women into the freedom struggle. However, he failed to come to terms with the fact that oppression is not a moral condition but a social and historical experience relating to production relations. On the other hand even while insisting that a woman's real sphere of activity was the home, he was instrumental in creating conditions which could help women break the shackles of domesticity.

Present position of Women Participation in India:

In recent past, Indian records show that there has been an increase in the percentage of women voters. Such participation owe a lot to the mobilization efforts for spreading the importance of women exercising their franchise made by political parties, NGOs, Action Groups and the general awareness among the community. But we can’t forget that its credit goes to Mahatma Gandhi. Because he is a first man who given motivation to women for participation in political movement.

Again, a note of caution is required; let it be assumed that political participation always indicates political awareness on the part of the woman voter. Usually, however, countries that do hold regular elections show an improved recognition of women as a political constituency and parties and candidates tend to adopt pro-women stances and appeal specifically to women’s votes, especially at the time of elections. This becomes very evident when we look at consecutive elections in the Indian context, wherein there is a growing consciousness of the need to woo the woman voter and the need to pay attention to the needs and issues of women, in the election manifestos of political parties.

      women's rights but pay attention to enroll as many women as possible as voters, impart or have imparted to them practical education, teach them to think independently, release them from the chain of caste that bind them so as to bring about a change in them which will compel men to realise women's political strength and capacity for sacrifice and give her places of honour. If women workers do this, they will purify the present unclean political atmosphere.”

Conclusion:
         Lastly conclude that Politics in the present day society is mainly a skill controlled area. Persons skilled enough to control the environment are definitely active in politics. Therefore political efficiency and personal control is closely related. Individuals having personal control perceive the political system to have great influence on their socio economic and other personal pursuits. For them the political system is the only source from which they can get some benefits, the decisions of the political system may also be viewed as interfering in their various pursuits and; they have an obligation to be concerned with the political process.

         So, it is clear from a comparative analysis that quotas for women in politics have not essentially ensured higher equality. There is no simplistic explanation to the social and cultural influences on the position of women in politics in a country. Quotas have done their bit in securing equality for women in some nations. There are also countries that have secured higher representation for women without reservation in national politics. Constitutional quotas were introduced for women in local governments in India. The effects of these quotas are still not visible in state and national governments in India. From 5% in the first general elections to 11% women representatives in the fifteenth Lok Sabha; how much better can we do in the coming national elections?

        The issue of low representation of women will be brought up again as political parties start issuing tickets for the general elections as the Women’s Reservation Bill has been in limbo in the Parliament for years.

References:

1.      International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, Vol.1, New York, 1968,p.225.

2.      Laxmi Devi, Encyclopedia of Women's Development and Family Welfare, Vo1 Anmol Publications, New Delhi, 1998

3.      Bose, Nirmal Kumar. Lectures on Gandhism.

4.      Datta, D.M. The Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi.

5.      Fischer, Louis. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi.

6.      Gandhi, Mohandas Karam Chand. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. (CW.XXI ;105)

7.      Radhakrishnan, S. Ed. Mahatma Gandhi: 100 Years.

8.      GEETHA KUMARI M.B. Teaches English at the University College, Thiruvananthapuram. Much interested in Gandhian Studies in which she has a doctoral degree.